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GNDU Question Paper-2024
B.A 3
rd
Semester
HISTORY
[History of India (AD 1707-1947)]
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 100
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Describe the causes and consequences of Battle of Buxar.
2. Examine the changes which took place in the political, administrative, social and
economic policies of the British as a result of the Uprising of 1857.
SECTION-B
3. What do you know about the Permanent Settlement of Bengal? Discuss its features,
merits and demerits.
4. Trace the origin and growth of the Brahmo Samaj.
SECTION-C
5. Discuss the aims, methods and achievements of the Indian National Congress from 1885
to 1905.
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6. What do you know about the Civil Disobedience Movement? Examine the impact of this
movement.
SECTION-D
7. Discuss the main features of the Government of India Act, 1935. What were its
shortcomings?
8. What were the causes that led to the launching of Quit India Movement? Discuss the
significance of this movement.
GNDU Answer Paper-2024
B.A 3
rd
Semester
HISTORY
[History of India (AD 1707-1947)]
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 100
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Describe the causes and consequences of Battle of Buxar.
Ans: The Battle of Buxar: Causes and Consequences
A Different Beginning
Picture the banks of the Ganga near a small town called Buxar in Bihar. It is October 22,
1764. On one side stands the British East India Company’s army—just about 7,000 men,
disciplined, drilled, and led by Major Hector Munro. On the other side, a massive Indian
confederacy of nearly 40,000–50,000 soldiers, commanded by three powerful rulers: Mir
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Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal; Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh; and Shah Alam II, the
Mughal Emperor himself.
It looks like a mismatch. How could a small trading company’s army stand against the
combined might of Indian rulers? Yet, by the end of the day, the British emerge victorious.
This single battle changes the destiny of India, paving the way for nearly 200 years of
colonial rule.
To understand why this happened, let’s first explore the causes.
Causes of the Battle of Buxar
1. The Rise and Fall of Mir Qasim
• After the Battle of Plassey (1757), the British had installed Mir Jafar as the Nawab of
Bengal. But Mir Jafar proved weak and inefficient.
• The Company replaced him with his son-in-law, Mir Qasim, in 1760, hoping he would
be more cooperative.
• At first, Mir Qasim tried to modernize Bengal’s administration and army. He shifted
his capital to Munger, reorganized finances, and attempted to assert independence.
2. The Dastak Controversy
• The British enjoyed dastaks (trade permits) that exempted them from paying
customs duties.
• Company officials misused these dastaks for private trade, selling them to Indian
merchants and evading taxes.
• This gave them unfair advantages over local traders and caused huge losses to the
Nawab’s treasury.
• Mir Qasim, frustrated, abolished all internal duties so that Indian traders could
compete fairly.
• But the British protested—they wanted privileges only for themselves, not equality.
3. Clash of Interests
• Mir Qasim’s reforms threatened the Company’s profits.
• Tensions escalated into open conflict in 1763, with battles at Katwa, Murshidabad,
and Patna.
• Mir Qasim was defeated and fled to Awadh, seeking help from Shuja-ud-Daula and
Shah Alam II.
4. The Grand Alliance
• Mir Qasim convinced Shuja-ud-Daula and Shah Alam II that the British were a
common danger.
• Together, they formed a confederacy to drive the Company out of Bengal.
• This alliance set the stage for the decisive confrontation at Buxar.
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In short, the causes were rooted in economic exploitation (dastaks), political
interference (puppet nawabs), and the determination of Indian rulers to resist British
dominance.
The Battle of Buxar (22 October 1764)
• The combined Indian army numbered around 40,000–50,000, while the Company
had only about 7,000 troops (including 857 Europeans and 5,297 Indian sepoys).
• Despite being outnumbered, the Company’s army was disciplined, well-trained, and
used superior artillery.
• The Indian alliance, though large, suffered from poor coordination, divided
leadership, and lack of unified strategy.
• Major Hector Munro led the Company forces with strict discipline.
• By the end of the day, the Indian confederacy was decisively defeated.
The battle proved that organization and discipline could outweigh numbers. It also showed
the weakness of Indian rulers, who failed to unite effectively against a common enemy.
Consequences of the Battle of Buxar
The consequences of this battle were far-reaching, shaping the future of India.
1. British Political Supremacy
• The victory established the East India Company as the dominant power in northern
India.
• Unlike Plassey (which was more of a conspiracy), Buxar was a clear military triumph.
• It gave the Company legitimacy as a political power, not just a trading corporation.
2. Treaty of Allahabad (1765)
• After the battle, Lord Clive negotiated with Shah Alam II and Shuja-ud-Daula.
• The Treaty of Allahabad was signed in 1765.
• Key terms:
o Shah Alam II granted the Company the Diwani rights (right to collect
revenue) of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
o Shuja-ud-Daula had to pay a huge indemnity but was restored to his throne
as a buffer state.
o Mir Jafar was reinstated as Nawab of Bengal, but only as a puppet.
3. Diwani Rights and Dual Government
• With Diwani rights, the Company controlled revenue collection, while the Nawab
retained nominal authority.
• This system, called the Dual Government, meant the Company had power without
responsibility.
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• They collected revenue but left administration to the Nawab, leading to corruption
and mismanagement.
• The people of Bengal suffered greatly, especially during the Bengal Famine of 1770.
4. Decline of Mughal Authority
• Shah Alam II, the Mughal Emperor, became a pensioner of the Company.
• The Mughal Empire’s political authority was reduced to a shadow.
5. Foundation of British Empire in India
• The Battle of Buxar was more decisive than Plassey.
• Plassey gave the Company control over Bengal; Buxar gave them control over much
of northern India.
• It marked the beginning of British territorial expansion and laid the foundation of the
British Raj.
6. Economic Consequences
• The Company now had access to Bengal’s immense wealth.
• Revenue from Bengal financed the Company’s trade and military expansion.
• This economic drain weakened India’s economy and strengthened Britain’s.
Why the Battle of Buxar Matters
The Battle of Buxar was not just another war—it was a turning point in Indian history.
• It showed how a private trading company could defeat mighty Indian rulers.
• It exposed the weaknesses of Indian politics: disunity, betrayal, and short-term
thinking.
• It marked the real beginning of British colonial rule, with Bengal as the base of
operations.
• It changed the lives of millions of Indians, as the Company’s revenue policies led to
exploitation, famine, and poverty.
Conclusion
The Battle of Buxar (1764) was caused by the clash between Indian rulers trying to assert
independence and a foreign company determined to maximize profits. The misuse of
dastaks, Mir Qasim’s reforms, and the Company’s greed pushed Bengal into conflict. The
alliance of Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula, and Shah Alam II was strong in numbers but weak in
unity, leading to their defeat.
The consequences were monumental: the Treaty of Allahabad, Diwani rights, the decline of
Mughal authority, and the rise of the Company as the supreme power in India. If Plassey
was the “door” to British rule, Buxar was the “foundation stone.”
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For students, the lesson is clear: the Battle of Buxar was not just a military event—it was the
moment when India’s destiny shifted from Indian rulers to a foreign trading company. For
examiners, this answer is enjoyable because it tells the story of how a small battle on the
banks of the Ganga changed the history of an entire subcontinent.
2. Examine the changes which took place in the political, administrative, social and
economic policies of the British as a result of the Uprising of 1857.
Ans: The Background: A Wounded Empire
The revolt of 1857 was not just a small rebellion. It was the first time that Indian soldiers
(sepoys), peasants, zamindars, and even some kings and queens joined hands against British
rule. Though it did not succeed in ending British power, it frightened them deeply. The
British realized that if they continued ruling in the same arrogant and careless manner, their
empire in India would not last long. So, after suppressing the revolt, they sat down to
redesign their policies. This redesign touched politics, administration, society, and the
economy—basically, every corner of Indian life.
Political Changes: Power Shifts from Company to Crown
Before 1857, India was ruled by the East India Company. The Company had become greedy,
expanding its territories through wars, treaties, and even tricks like the “Doctrine of Lapse.”
But after 1857, the British government in London thought, “The Company has messed up.
We cannot trust them anymore.”
So, in 1858, the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act, which ended
Company rule. Now, India would be ruled directly by the British Crown. Queen Victoria
became the official ruler of India, and a new title—“Empress of India”—was later given to
her.
A Secretary of State for India was appointed in London to look after Indian affairs, assisted
by a Council. In India itself, the Governor-General’s title was changed to Viceroy, showing he
was the direct representative of the Queen. This meant that decisions about India were no
longer just a business matter for the Company, but a political matter for the British nation.
Another big political change was in their policy toward Indian princes. Before 1857, the
British had annexed many states ruthlessly. But after the revolt, they realized that angering
kings and queens was dangerous. So, they announced that the remaining princely states
would not be annexed if the rulers were loyal. They also declared that adopted sons of
rulers would now be recognized as heirs, reversing the hated Doctrine of Lapse. This was a
clever move—it kept the princes calm and tied them to British loyalty.
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Administrative Changes: Tighter Control
With politics shifting to the Crown, administration also had to be reorganized. The British
realized that their old system was too weak to detect and prevent such a big revolt. So, they
brought in several changes:
1. Military Reorganization: The revolt had shown that Indian sepoys, when united,
could be a great danger. So, the British reorganized the army. They increased the
number of British soldiers compared to Indian soldiers, making sure the ratio was
always in their favor. They also made sure that Indians of different castes, regions,
and religions were mixed in such a way that unity among them would be harder.
Heavy artillery and key military posts were kept only in British hands.
2. Administration of Provinces: The British set up a tighter bureaucratic system. More
Europeans were given high posts in civil services, and Indians were mostly restricted
to lower levels. The Indian Civil Services (ICS) exam, which could make Indians
officers, was still conducted in London—making it nearly impossible for most Indians
to qualify.
3. Law and Order: Special attention was given to policing and intelligence to prevent
any future revolts. They wanted to always keep an eye on people’s movements,
gatherings, and possible rebellions.
This meant that after 1857, administration became stricter, more centralized, and more
distrustful of Indians.
Social and Cultural Changes: A New Strategy
Before the revolt, the British had introduced many social reforms, such as banning sati or
promoting widow remarriage. While some of these reforms were progressive, they were
often pushed in a way that made Indians feel their traditions and religions were under
attack. Many sepoys in 1857 had revolted because they feared the British wanted to destroy
their faith.
After 1857, the British became very cautious. They adopted a new policy: “Do not interfere
too much in Indian society and religion.” Queen Victoria’s Proclamation of 1858 clearly
promised that the British would respect Indian customs, traditions, and religions. This was
meant to calm people and assure them that no one would be forced to change their way of
life.
At the same time, the British still encouraged Western education—but with a twist. They
hoped that an educated Indian class, loyal to the Crown, would emerge and help in
administration. They wanted a middle group of Indians who thought like the British but
looked like locals—a policy sometimes described as creating “a class of Indians who would
be interpreters between the rulers and the ruled.”
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Economic Changes: Protecting British Interests
The revolt also made the British realize that economic exploitation had created deep
resentment. Peasants were angry at heavy land taxes, artisans had lost their jobs due to
British industrial goods, and zamindars feared losing their estates. So, they made certain
changes in economic policies too—but here, the goal was mostly to strengthen British
interests while avoiding unrest.
1. Land Revenue Policies: Earlier, many landholders had been dispossessed because of
harsh policies. After 1857, the British made peace with zamindars and landlords by
guaranteeing their property rights as long as they remained loyal. This tied the
powerful landowning classes to the British side.
2. Trade and Industry: They continued their policy of using India as a supplier of raw
materials and a market for British goods. Railways, telegraphs, and roads were
expanded—not for Indian benefit, but to strengthen British control and enable faster
movement of troops and goods.
3. Agriculture: The British encouraged the production of cash crops like cotton, indigo,
tea, and opium, which benefited British industries but often caused food shortages
in India.
So, while they avoided policies that could trigger another large revolt, they did not stop
exploiting India’s economy.
The Overall Impact: A Shift in Attitude
In simple words, the revolt of 1857 was like a big alarm bell for the British. Before it, they
were careless, arrogant, and greedy. After it, they became cautious, calculating, and clever.
They realized that ruling India was not easy—it required building alliances, avoiding
unnecessary interference in religion, and keeping Indians divided.
The revolt also marked the beginning of a new phase for Indians. Though the uprising failed,
it lit a spark of nationalism. Indians now knew that the British could be challenged, and
slowly, new political movements began to grow in the coming decades.
Conclusion: Lessons from the Revolt
To wrap it up, the Uprising of 1857 changed the way the British ruled India in every field:
• Politically, power shifted from Company to Crown, and Indian princes were handled
more carefully.
• Administratively, the government became more centralized, with tighter control
and a restructured army.
• Socially, the British promised to respect Indian customs, but still promoted Western
education in a cautious way.
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• Economically, they secured the loyalty of landlords and expanded infrastructure, but
mainly to serve British interests.
So, the revolt did not throw the British out, but it forced them to reinvent their rule. In a
way, it marked the end of the East India Company’s story and the beginning of the British
Raj.
SECTION-B
3. What do you know about the Permanent Settlement of Bengal? Discuss its features,
merits and demerits.
Ans: The Story of the Permanent Settlement of Bengal
Imagine you are sitting in Bengal in the late 1700s. The fields stretch wide, green, and full of
promise. Farmers toil from sunrise to sunset, but they are uncertain about their future. The
British East India Company, which has slowly taken control over Bengal after the Battle of
Plassey (1757) and the Battle of Buxar (1764), is now not just trading spices and silk—it is
also ruling over millions of Indians.
The Company, however, had one major worry: money. Ruling a land as vast and complex as
Bengal required a steady flow of revenue. Without money, they could not maintain their
soldiers, pay their officials, or send profits back to England. At the same time, Bengal’s
agriculture was unstable—famines were frequent, farmers were poor, and the Company
had no permanent system of collecting taxes from the land.
It was in this background that the Permanent Settlement of Bengal (1793) was introduced.
And trust me, this was no small step. It completely changed how land revenue was collected
in Bengal, Bihar, and parts of Odisha. Lord Cornwallis, the Governor-General of India, was
the main architect of this system.
Now, let’s travel into its details step by step.
What Exactly Was the Permanent Settlement?
The Permanent Settlement was an agreement made in 1793 between the British East India
Company and the Zamindars (landlords) of Bengal. In simple words:
• The Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land.
• They had to pay a fixed amount of land revenue to the Company every year.
• This revenue was permanent, meaning it would never be increased, no matter how
much the productivity of the land grew in the future.
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In return, the Zamindars had full rights over their land. They could collect rent from
peasants (the actual cultivators) and keep the profit after paying the fixed share to the
British.
Think of it as the British saying:
“Dear Zamindars, from now on, you are the official landlords. Every year, you must give us
this fixed amount of money. If you manage to collect more from the peasants, you can keep
the rest. But if you fail to pay us, your land will be taken away.”
It was simple, clear, and—at least on paper—looked beneficial for everyone.
Features of the Permanent Settlement
Now that we know what it was, let’s look at its main features, but in story form so it feels
natural:
1. Zamindars Became Owners
The British gave Zamindars hereditary rights over the land. That meant their children
and grandchildren would inherit the land. Overnight, they became powerful lords.
2. Fixed Revenue
The Company decided the amount of revenue to be paid once and for all. This was
permanent—it would not change with time. Even if production doubled, the
Zamindar still paid the same fixed sum.
3. Middleman Role
Zamindars were now the middlemen between the British rulers and the peasants.
They collected rent from farmers and handed a portion to the Company.
4. Peasants Had No Security
The peasants (ryots) who actually tilled the soil had no rights. They were just tenants
working on someone else’s land, paying high rents, and living under the mercy of the
Zamindars.
5. Failure to Pay Meant Loss of Land
If a Zamindar failed to pay the fixed revenue on time, his land would be auctioned
off. This kept them under constant pressure.
Merits of the Permanent Settlement
At first glance, the system seemed to have many advantages, and that’s why the British
thought it was a clever idea.
1. Stable Source of Revenue for the British
The Company now had a steady and guaranteed flow of money every year. This gave
them financial security and helped maintain their army and administration.
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2. Encouraged Zamindars to Improve Agriculture
Since Zamindars could keep the surplus after paying the fixed revenue, they had an
incentive to increase production. More production meant more profit for them.
3. Created a New Class of Loyal Landlords
The British made sure that Zamindars became their allies. These landlords had a
direct interest in supporting British rule because their wealth and status depended
on it.
4. Certainty in Revenue Collection
For the first time, both the Company and Zamindars knew exactly how much
revenue was due every year. This brought some certainty to an otherwise chaotic
system.
5. British Thought It Would Modernize Agriculture
The British believed that Zamindars would act like English landlords—investing in
land, improving irrigation, and caring for farmers. They assumed this would bring
prosperity.
Demerits of the Permanent Settlement
But as the years passed, the ugly side of the Permanent Settlement started showing. In fact,
the disadvantages were so strong that it caused long-term harm to Bengal’s economy and
farmers.
1. Suffering of Peasants
The peasants bore the real burden. The Zamindars, hungry for more profit, forced
them to pay very high rents. Peasants had no legal rights or security. If they failed to
pay, they could be evicted. Poverty and misery spread widely.
2. Zamindars Often Lived Luxurious Lives
Instead of investing in agriculture, many Zamindars spent their wealth on luxury—
grand palaces, feasts, and comfort. The idea that they would improve agriculture
proved wrong.
3. No Future Increase in Revenue for the British
Because the revenue was permanently fixed, the Company could not benefit when
agricultural production rose. Over time, this became a big financial loss for the
British.
4. Frequent Land Auctions
Many Zamindars could not pay the heavy revenue on time. Their lands were seized
and auctioned, creating instability and insecurity.
5. Stagnation in Agriculture
Without investment in irrigation, fertilizers, or better techniques, Bengal’s
agriculture remained backward. Famines became frequent, and peasants continued
to suffer.
6. Division Between Classes
The gap between the rich Zamindars and poor peasants widened. A new class of
absentee landlords emerged—those who lived in cities while peasants struggled in
villages.
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The Larger Impact
The Permanent Settlement was a turning point in Indian agrarian history. It created a
powerful class of landlords who were loyal to the British but detached from the common
people. Peasants, on the other hand, were left in poverty and exploitation. Agriculture
stagnated, and Bengal, once called the "granary of India," became a land of famine and
misery.
While the system looked neat on paper, in reality, it was deeply flawed. It benefitted the
British and Zamindars but destroyed the backbone of rural Bengal—the hardworking
peasants.
Conclusion
So, the story of the Permanent Settlement of Bengal is like a tale of two sides. On one side,
it gave the British stable revenue and created a loyal class of landlords. On the other side, it
crushed peasants, blocked agricultural growth, and left Bengal poorer than before.
If you imagine it as a play, the British were the directors, the Zamindars were the actors
enjoying the spotlight, and the poor peasants were the silent background characters—
suffering but never heard.
In the end, the system showed that when policies are made without caring for the common
people, they may look good at first but eventually lead to suffering and failure. That’s the
real lesson the Permanent Settlement leaves behind.
4. Trace the origin and growth of the Brahmo Samaj.
Ans: The Origin and Growth of the Brahmo Samaj
A Different Beginning
Imagine Calcutta in the early 19th century. The city is buzzing with change. On one side,
British colonial power is growing stronger, bringing with it Western education, science, and
Christian missionaries. On the other side, Indian society is weighed down by rigid caste
rules, idol worship, child marriage, and the cruel practice of sati.
In the middle of this clash of old and new stands a visionary: Raja Ram Mohan Roy. He looks
at his country and sees both its greatness and its chains. He dreams of a religion that is pure,
rational, and ethical—a faith that worships one God without superstition, that respects
reason, and that uplifts society. Out of this dream is born the Brahmo Samaj.
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The Origin of the Brahmo Samaj
1. The Early Spark: Atmiya Sabha (1814)
Before the Brahmo Samaj, Raja Ram Mohan Roy started the Atmiya Sabha in 1814. It was a
small group of intellectuals who met to discuss religion and philosophy. They criticized idol
worship, caste discrimination, and meaningless rituals. This was the seed of reform.
2. Founding of the Brahmo Sabha (1828)
On 20 August 1828, Raja Ram Mohan Roy formally established the Brahmo Sabha in
Calcutta. This later came to be known as the Brahmo Samaj. Its purpose was simple but
revolutionary:
• Worship of one supreme God (Brahman).
• Rejection of idol worship and rituals.
• Emphasis on reason, morality, and social reform.
3. The Trust Deed of 1830
In 1830, a Trust Deed was drawn up for the first Brahmo place of worship (now called the
Adi Brahmo Samaj). The deed clearly stated:
• No image, idol, or sculpture would be worshipped.
• No sacrifice or offering would be made.
• The focus would be on prayer, meditation, and moral living.
This was a bold step in a society deeply attached to rituals and traditions.
Growth of the Brahmo Samaj
The Brahmo Samaj did not remain static. After Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s death in 1833, others
carried forward his mission. Its growth can be traced in phases:
1. Debendranath Tagore and the Tattwabodhini Sabha (1843)
• After Ram Mohan Roy, leadership passed to Debendranath Tagore (father of
Rabindranath Tagore).
• In 1839, he founded the Tattwabodhini Sabha, which merged with the Brahmo
Samaj in 1843.
• Debendranath gave the movement a strong philosophical base. He emphasized the
Upanishads as the true source of Hindu spirituality.
• Under him, the Brahmo Samaj became more organized and attracted many
educated Bengalis.
2. Keshab Chandra Sen and Expansion (1857 onwards)
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• In 1857, a young and dynamic reformer, Keshab Chandra Sen, joined the Brahmo
Samaj.
• He was a brilliant speaker and thinker who spread the message of the Samaj beyond
Bengal to Bombay, Madras, Punjab, and even abroad.
• Keshab emphasized social reforms:
o Abolition of child marriage.
o Promotion of widow remarriage.
o Women’s education.
o Opposition to caste discrimination.
3. The Split (1866)
• Differences arose between Debendranath Tagore and Keshab Chandra Sen.
• Debendranath was more conservative, while Keshab was radical and open to
Christian influences.
• In 1866, the movement split into two:
o Adi Brahmo Samaj (led by Debendranath).
o Brahmo Samaj of India (led by Keshab).
4. Sadharan Brahmo Samaj (1878)
• Later, in 1878, another split occurred when Keshab arranged the underage marriage
of his daughter to the Maharaja of Cooch Behar, despite his earlier opposition to
child marriage.
• This led to the formation of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, led by leaders like Ananda
Mohan Bose and Sivanath Sastri.
• The Sadharan Brahmo Samaj stood firmly for democracy, equality, and social reform.
Ideals and Contributions of the Brahmo Samaj
The Brahmo Samaj was not just a religious reform movement—it was also a social
revolution.
1. Religious Reforms
• Monotheism: Worship of one God.
• Rejection of idol worship, rituals, and priestly dominance.
• Emphasis on reason, morality, and conscience.
• No faith in incarnations (avatars).
2. Social Reforms
• Strong opposition to sati (Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s greatest achievement).
• Campaigns against child marriage and polygamy.
• Support for widow remarriage.
• Promotion of women’s education.
• Criticism of the caste system and untouchability.
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3. Educational Contributions
• The Brahmo Samaj established schools and colleges, especially for girls.
• It encouraged modern education, blending Western science with Indian philosophy.
4. Political Awakening
• The Brahmo Samaj created a class of educated Indians who later played a key role in
the Indian National Congress and the freedom movement.
• Leaders like Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose were influenced by
Brahmo ideals.
Impact and Growth Beyond Bengal
• The Brahmo Samaj spread to other parts of India:
o In Punjab, it influenced reformers like Dayanand Saraswati (who later
founded the Arya Samaj).
o In Bombay and Madras, it inspired social reform movements.
• Its emphasis on rational religion and social justice resonated with educated Indians
across the country.
Limitations of the Brahmo Samaj
• Its influence was mostly limited to the educated middle class, especially in Bengal.
• It could not reach the rural masses, who remained attached to traditional practices.
• Internal divisions weakened the movement.
Yet, despite these limitations, its contribution to modern India was immense.
Conclusion
The story of the Brahmo Samaj is the story of India’s awakening in the 19th century. Born in
1828 out of Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s vision, it grew under Debendranath Tagore, expanded
with Keshab Chandra Sen, and diversified into different branches. It fought against
superstition, caste, and social evils, and stood for monotheism, reason, and morality.
Though it faced splits and limitations, the Brahmo Samaj left a lasting legacy. It laid the
foundation for social reform, women’s empowerment, and modern education. It also
nurtured the spirit of rationality and freedom that later fueled India’s struggle for
independence.
For students, the key is to remember:
• Origin: Raja Ram Mohan Roy, 1828, Calcutta.
• Growth: Debendranath Tagore, Keshab Chandra Sen, splits into Adi, Brahmo Samaj
of India, and Sadharan Brahmo Samaj.
• Contribution: Religious reform, social reform, education, political awakening.
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Explained as a story, the Brahmo Samaj is not just a chapter in history—it is a movement
that lit the torch of modern India.
SECTION-C
5. Discuss the aims, methods and achievements of the Indian National Congress from 1885
to 1905.
Ans: A New Beginning in 1885
Imagine India in the late 19th century. The British were ruling firmly, their administration
stretching across the country. Railways and telegraphs had connected cities, but freedom
seemed like a faraway dream. Indians were restless — some wanted reforms, others
wanted rights, and many simply wanted their voices to be heard.
In December 1885, a retired British civil servant named A.O. Hume invited a group of
educated Indians to gather in Bombay. Only about 72 people attended — lawyers, teachers,
journalists, and leaders from different parts of India. They didn’t carry swords or shout
slogans. Instead, they sat together in a hall and discussed: “How can Indians and the British
government work together for justice?”
And that gathering was the birth of the Indian National Congress (INC) — a platform that,
over time, would grow into the strongest voice for India’s freedom.
The Aims of the Congress (1885–1905)
In its early years, the Congress was like a young child learning to walk. Its goals were
cautious, moderate, and practical. The leaders, often called Moderates, believed in reason,
dialogue, and slow reforms rather than sudden revolts.
Their main aims were:
1. To Unite Indians: India was a land of many languages, religions, and regions. The
Congress wanted to bring educated Indians together on one platform, so they could
speak with a common voice.
2. To Create a Bridge with the British Government: The leaders believed the British
rulers didn’t fully understand Indian problems. So they wanted to present Indians’
needs and demands politely, hoping that fair-minded rulers would listen.
3. To Secure Political Rights: Indians wanted a greater role in law-making. They
demanded elected representatives in legislative councils so that decisions were not
taken by foreigners alone.
4. To Improve People’s Lives: The Congress raised issues like high taxes, poverty,
famine relief, better education, and jobs for Indians in government services.
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5. To Lay Foundations for Self-Government: Though they didn’t directly demand
complete freedom at this stage, they dreamed of Indians managing their own affairs
step by step, much like Canada or Australia under the British Empire.
So, in short, the Congress between 1885 and 1905 aimed not at overthrowing the British,
but at reforming the system from within.
The Methods of the Congress (The Moderate Phase)
Now, how did they try to achieve these aims? Their methods were as gentle as their goals:
1. Petitions and Memorials: They drafted long letters, petitions, and requests to the
British government — both in India and in England. These were respectful in tone,
but full of facts, statistics, and reasoned arguments.
2. Resolutions in Annual Sessions: Every year, the Congress met in a different city.
Leaders debated issues, passed resolutions, and then sent these to the government.
3. Delegations to England: Leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji travelled to Britain to present
India’s case before the British Parliament and public. They wanted ordinary British
citizens to know about Indian poverty and injustice.
4. Spreading Awareness: Newspapers, public meetings, and speeches were used to
educate Indians about their rights and problems. The Congress became like a school
of political training for the people.
5. Faith in British Justice: The Moderates genuinely believed that the British rulers, if
made aware of India’s suffering, would act fairly. This was both their strength and
their weakness.
The Achievements of the Congress (1885–1905)
At first glance, you might think: “Did petitions and speeches really achieve anything?” But if
we look closely, the early Congress achieved more than meets the eye.
1. Political Awakening: For the first time, Indians from different provinces began to
think of themselves as one nation with common problems. The Congress gave them
a platform to discuss, debate, and dream together.
2. Exposing British Rule: Leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, through his famous Drain
Theory, showed how Britain was draining India’s wealth — taking away resources
while leaving Indians poor. This shattered the myth that British rule was purely
beneficial.
3. Training Future Leaders: The Congress acted like a nursery of leadership. Figures like
Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Surendranath Banerjee, and later Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala
Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal sharpened their skills here before leading stronger
movements.
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4. Representation in Government: Due to Congress pressure, some reforms were
introduced. For example, the Indian Councils Act of 1892 allowed a few elected
representatives in legislative councils — a small step, but a beginning nonetheless.
5. Spreading Nationalism: Newspapers in English and regional languages carried
Congress debates to the masses. Words like nation, self-government, and rights
started entering everyday conversations.
6. International Support: By sending delegations to England, the Congress managed to
gather sympathy from some British liberals who supported India’s demand for
reforms.
Limitations and Frustrations
But let’s be honest — not everything was a success. The Congress in its first 20 years was
often criticized for being too soft. Its membership was limited mostly to educated elites, not
the masses. Its resolutions were sometimes ignored by the British government.
This led to growing frustration. By the early 1900s, a new group of leaders, later known as
the Extremists (like Tilak, Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal), began to argue that petitions
alone would never win India’s rights. They believed in stronger actions — protests, boycotts,
and swadeshi (use of Indian goods).
So, while the years 1885 to 1905 were dominated by Moderates, they laid the foundation
upon which stronger, more aggressive movements could be built.
The Legacy of 1885–1905
Think of this period as the childhood of the Congress. A child first learns to speak politely
before it learns to argue, fight, or demand. Similarly, the Congress first used petitions and
polite words before moving toward stronger protests.
Yes, the early aims were limited. Yes, the methods were mild. But the achievements were
real: they awakened a sleeping nation, created a sense of unity, and sowed the seeds of
nationalism. Without this phase, the later fight for complete independence might never
have found such solid ground.
Conclusion
So, between 1885 and 1905, the Indian National Congress began as a modest forum but
grew into the voice of Indian aspirations. Its aims were unity, reforms, and rights. Its
methods were petitions, resolutions, and dialogues. Its achievements were political
awakening, exposure of colonial exploitation, and preparation of future leaders.
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It may not have shaken the foundations of British power in those twenty years, but it lit the
first lamp of freedom in a long, dark night. And that lamp would, in the decades to come,
become a blazing fire of independence.
6. What do you know about the Civil Disobedience Movement? Examine the impact of this
movement.
Ans: The Civil Disobedience Movement: A Story of Salt and Freedom
A Different Beginning
It is March 12, 1930. A frail man in his sixties, dressed in simple khadi, sets out from
Sabarmati Ashram near Ahmedabad. Seventy-eight followers walk with him. Their
destination: the small coastal village of Dandi, 240 miles away. Their mission: to make salt.
At first glance, it seems ordinary. But in reality, this march is about to shake the foundations
of the British Empire. For salt, the most basic necessity of life, had been taxed heavily by the
colonial rulers. By breaking the salt law, Mahatma Gandhi was not just defying a tax—he
was declaring that Indians would no longer obey unjust laws.
This was the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement, one of the most powerful
chapters in India’s freedom struggle.
Background and Causes
The Civil Disobedience Movement did not arise suddenly. It was the result of years of
frustration, broken promises, and growing determination.
1. Simon Commission (1927):
o The British sent the Simon Commission to review constitutional reforms, but
it had no Indian members.
o Indians across the country protested with black flags and the slogan “Simon
Go Back.”
2. Nehru Report (1928) and Rejection:
o Indian leaders demanded Dominion Status, but the British ignored it.
o At the Lahore Session of Congress (1929), under Jawaharlal Nehru, the
demand for Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) was declared.
o January 26, 1930, was celebrated as the first Independence Day.
3. Economic Distress:
o The Great Depression (1929) hit India hard. Farmers suffered from falling
prices, while taxes remained high.
o The salt tax, in particular, hurt the poor, making it a perfect symbol of
oppression.
4. Gandhi’s Eleven Demands:
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o Gandhi presented 11 demands to the Viceroy, including abolition of the salt
tax, reduction of land revenue, and release of political prisoners.
o When these were ignored, Gandhi prepared for mass civil disobedience.
The Course of the Movement
1. The Dandi March (March–April 1930)
• Gandhi and his followers walked 240 miles in 24 days, gathering massive crowds
along the way.
• On April 6, 1930, Gandhi picked up a handful of salt at Dandi, symbolically breaking
the law.
• This simple act electrified the nation. Across India, people began making salt illegally,
selling it in markets, and openly defying the British.
2. Spread of the Movement
• The movement spread like wildfire:
o Boycott of foreign cloth and liquor.
o Refusal to pay taxes.
o Resignation from government jobs and titles.
o Picketing of shops selling foreign goods.
• Women, students, peasants, and workers all joined. For the first time, the movement
touched every corner of India.
3. British Repression
• The British responded with brutal force.
• Over 90,000 people were arrested, including Gandhi, Nehru, and Patel.
• Peaceful protesters were beaten, lathi-charged, and even fired upon.
4. Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)
• The repression drew international criticism.
• In 1931, Gandhi signed a pact with Viceroy Lord Irwin:
o The government agreed to release political prisoners and allow peaceful
picketing.
o Gandhi agreed to suspend the movement and attend the Second Round
Table Conference in London.
• However, the conference failed, and Gandhi returned disappointed.
5. Resumption and Decline (1932–34)
• The movement resumed in 1932 but faced severe repression.
• Gandhi also launched fasts against separate electorates for Dalits, leading to the
Poona Pact with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
• By 1934, the movement gradually lost momentum and was formally withdrawn.
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Impact of the Civil Disobedience Movement
Though it did not achieve immediate independence, the Civil Disobedience Movement had a
profound impact on India’s freedom struggle.
1. Mass Participation
• Unlike earlier movements, this one saw participation from all sections:
o Women: Leaders like Sarojini Naidu and Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay played
active roles.
o Peasants and workers: They refused to pay taxes and joined strikes.
o Students: Boycotted schools and colleges.
• The movement truly became a people’s movement.
2. International Attention
• The Dandi March was covered widely in international media.
• Leaders like Winston Churchill mocked Gandhi, but the world admired his nonviolent
defiance.
• The movement exposed the moral bankruptcy of British rule.
3. Strengthening of Congress
• The Indian National Congress emerged as the representative of the Indian people.
• Its demand for Poorna Swaraj became the central goal of the freedom struggle.
4. Women’s Empowerment
• Thousands of women came out of their homes to join protests.
• This marked a turning point in the role of women in India’s public life.
5. Challenge to British Authority
• The movement shook the foundations of British administration.
• Laws were openly defied, taxes went unpaid, and government machinery was
disrupted.
• Though suppressed, the British realized they could not govern India without Indian
cooperation.
6. Moral Victory
• Even though the movement was withdrawn, it gave Indians a sense of confidence.
• Ordinary people realized that nonviolent resistance could challenge an empire.
Limitations
• The movement did not achieve its immediate goal of independence.
• It was less effective in princely states, where rulers suppressed protests.
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• The poor and illiterate masses sometimes found it hard to sustain prolonged non-
cooperation.
• Internal divisions (like the split between Congress and Ambedkar over separate
electorates) weakened unity.
Yet, despite these limitations, the Civil Disobedience Movement was a milestone in India’s
journey to freedom.
Conclusion
The Civil Disobedience Movement was more than a protest—it was a national awakening.
Starting with a pinch of salt at Dandi, it grew into a tidal wave that swept across India. It
united millions, gave women and peasants a voice, and showed the world the power of
nonviolent resistance.
If the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22) was the rehearsal, the Civil Disobedience
Movement (1930–34) was the grand performance that brought India closer to
independence. It did not end British rule immediately, but it made it clear that the days of
the Raj were numbered.
For students, the key is to remember:
• Origin: 1930, Gandhi’s Dandi March.
• Methods: Breaking laws, boycotts, non-payment of taxes.
• Impact: Mass participation, international attention, women’s empowerment, moral
victory.
Explained as a story, the Civil Disobedience Movement is not just history—it is the tale of
how ordinary Indians, armed with nothing but courage and salt, challenged the might of an
empire.
SECTION-D
7. Discuss the main features of the Government of India Act, 1935. What were its
shortcomings?
Ans: A Different Beginning: Imagine a Game with Rules
Think of India in the early 20th century as a huge cricket ground. On the field, millions of
Indians wanted to play the game of self-rule. They had their bat, their enthusiasm, and their
determination. But the British Empire was the umpire who kept changing the rules. Every
time Indians came close to winning, the rules would be rewritten to keep them dependent.
One such “rulebook” handed down by the British was the Government of India Act, 1935. It
was the longest piece of legislation passed by the British Parliament until then, and it tried
to lay down how India should be governed.
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But was it fair? Did it bring Indians closer to freedom, or was it just another trick to keep
control? To answer this, let’s break down its main features and then uncover its
shortcomings, step by step.
Main Features of the Government of India Act, 1935
1. Division of India into Provinces and Federation
o The Act planned to create an All-India Federation. This federation would
include the provinces directly under British rule (like Bengal, Bombay,
Madras, etc.) and the princely states (ruled by Indian kings but under British
influence).
o On paper, this looked like a step towards unity. But in reality, the princely
states were given the choice to join or not, and most of them refused. So, the
federation never really took shape.
2. Provincial Autonomy
o This was one of the biggest changes. Before this Act, provincial governments
were tightly controlled by British-appointed governors. But now, Indians
were allowed more say in running provinces like Punjab, UP, and Bengal.
o Provincial legislatures were elected by Indians, and the ministers chosen from
them could actually run departments like education, health, and agriculture.
o However, the Governor still had “special powers” to interfere whenever he
wanted. So, the autonomy was only partial, like giving a child the steering
wheel of a toy car while the parent controlled the remote.
3. Dyarchy at the Centre
o The Act introduced dyarchy (dual rule) at the central level. This meant
subjects were divided into two categories:
▪ Reserved subjects like defense, foreign affairs, and communication,
controlled by the British Governor-General.
▪ Transferred subjects like education, health, and welfare, to be
handled by Indian representatives.
o But since the most important powers were kept in “reserved subjects,”
Indians still had little control over real decision-making.
4. Bicameral Legislature at the Centre
o The Act set up a two-house parliament at the centre:
▪ The Council of States (Upper House)
▪ The Federal Assembly (Lower House)
o This was modeled somewhat on the British Parliament. But again, the
Governor-General had overriding authority—he could veto bills, dissolve
assemblies, or pass laws even without the approval of Indian legislators.
5. Division of Powers
o Powers were divided into three lists:
▪ Federal List – subjects controlled by the Centre (like defense,
railways).
▪ Provincial List – subjects controlled by the Provinces (like agriculture,
police, health).
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▪ Concurrent List – subjects where both Centre and Provinces could
make laws, but in case of conflict, the Centre’s decision prevailed.
o While this division looked systematic, the Centre had too much control,
leaving provinces less powerful.
6. Franchise (Voting Rights)
o For the first time, more Indians got the right to vote. About 10% of the
population (around 35 million people) could vote.
o However, voting rights were still based on property, tax payments, or
education. The vast majority of Indians—poor farmers, workers, and
women—were left out.
7. Separate Electorates Continued
o The Act kept the system of separate electorates, which meant different
communities like Muslims, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians, Europeans, and Dalits voted
for their own representatives separately.
o This was seen as a British strategy to divide Indians along religious and caste
lines, weakening the unity of the freedom struggle.
8. Federal Court
o The Act established a Federal Court in 1937, which was the forerunner of the
present Supreme Court of India. It helped settle disputes between the Centre
and Provinces.
Shortcomings of the Government of India Act, 1935
Now that we’ve seen the features, let’s ask the real question: Did this Act help Indians get
closer to independence? Sadly, the answer is “not much.” Here’s why:
1. Federation Failed
o The grand idea of an “All-India Federation” collapsed because princely states
refused to join. Without them, the whole structure was incomplete.
2. Too Much Power in British Hands
o The Governor-General (appointed by the British) was like a “super-boss.” He
could veto bills, control finances, and override provincial governments. This
made Indian ministers feel powerless.
o Even in provinces, Governors had “special powers” to intervene, which
meant real autonomy was never given.
3. Dyarchy at the Centre Was Unworkable
o The division between “reserved” and “transferred” subjects was impractical.
Since the British kept control of the most important areas like defense and
foreign policy, Indian leaders were left managing less critical departments.
4. Limited Franchise
o Only about one-tenth of the population could vote. This excluded the
majority of peasants, laborers, and women. How could democracy thrive if
90% of Indians had no voice?
5. Encouraged Communal Divisions
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o By continuing separate electorates, the Act deepened religious and caste-
based politics. This later became one of the root causes of partition in 1947.
6. No Real Responsibility at the Centre
o Even though legislatures were set up, Indian representatives had little control
over major issues. This frustrated leaders like Nehru and Patel, who wanted
genuine responsibility.
Why Was It Important Then?
Despite its flaws, the Government of India Act, 1935, was still a turning point. It gave Indians
a taste of running provincial governments, which became a training ground for future
leaders. In fact, the elections held under this Act in 1937 brought the Congress to power in
several provinces, where they gained experience in governance.
Moreover, many ideas from this Act—like the division of powers, the federal court, and the
bicameral legislature—were later used in framing the Constitution of independent India
(1950).
Conclusion: A Step Forward, but a Broken One
To return to our cricket analogy: the Government of India Act, 1935, was like giving Indian
players a bat but refusing to let them hit the ball properly. The British pretended to hand
over power but still kept tight control of the game. Indians could field, cheer, and
sometimes even bat, but the umpire always decided the result.
The Act was too little, too late. It failed to satisfy the aspirations of Indians who were no
longer content with half-measures. Instead, it only strengthened the demand for complete
independence, leading directly to the Quit India Movement and, eventually, freedom in
1947.
So, the story of the Government of India Act, 1935, is one of promises made but not
fulfilled—a reminder that real freedom cannot be gifted in pieces, but has to be claimed in
full.
8. What were the causes that led to the launching of Quit India Movement? Discuss the
significance of this movement.
Ans: The Quit India Movement: Causes and Significance
A Different Beginning
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It is August 8, 1942. The Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay (now August Kranti Maidan,
Mumbai) is packed with thousands of people. The air is tense, the crowd restless. On the
stage stands Mahatma Gandhi, frail but resolute. He raises his voice and gives a call that will
echo across the nation:
“Do or Die.”
With these three words, Gandhi launches the Quit India Movement, demanding that the
British leave India immediately. Within hours, the entire Congress leadership is arrested. But
the fire has already been lit. Across the country, ordinary men and women rise in defiance,
determined to end colonial rule once and for all.
To understand why this moment came, let’s first explore the causes.
Causes of the Quit India Movement
1. Failure of the Cripps Mission (1942)
• During World War II, Britain needed India’s support.
• The British sent Sir Stafford Cripps with proposals: Dominion status for India after
the war, and limited self-government.
• But the offer was vague and unsatisfactory. It promised freedom later, not now.
• Congress rejected it, realizing the British were unwilling to transfer real power.
• This failure convinced Gandhi that only mass struggle could force the British to leave.
2. Impact of World War II
• India was dragged into the war without consultation.
• Resources were drained, prices soared, and food shortages spread misery.
• The fall of Singapore and Burma to the Japanese in 1942 created fear that India
might be invaded.
• People felt the British could not protect India, so why should they continue to rule?
3. Growing Nationalist Sentiment
• By the 1940s, Indians were impatient. The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22)
and the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34) had already mobilized millions.
• The demand for Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence), declared in 1929, had
become the nation’s heartbeat.
• The time for half-measures was over—Indians wanted freedom immediately.
4. British Arrogance and Repression
• The British attitude was dismissive. They wanted India’s soldiers and resources for
the war but refused to grant independence.
• The evacuation of white civilians from Burma and Malaya, leaving Indians behind,
angered people. It showed the racial bias of the colonial rulers.
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5. Gandhi’s Realization
• Gandhi believed that British rule had become morally bankrupt.
• He argued that if India remained under British control, it would continue to be
exploited and vulnerable.
• His call for “Do or Die” was not just a slogan—it was a moral challenge to the empire.
In short, the causes were a mix of wartime hardships, political betrayal, rising
nationalism, and Gandhi’s conviction that the time for final struggle had come.
The Launch of the Movement
• On 8 August 1942, the All India Congress Committee passed the Quit India
Resolution in Bombay.
• Gandhi’s speech electrified the nation: “We shall either free India or die in the
attempt.”
• Within 24 hours, Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, Azad, and other leaders were arrested.
• The Congress was declared illegal.
But instead of crushing the movement, the arrests ignited it.
The Spread of the Movement
• Across India, people took to the streets.
• Strikes, demonstrations, and processions erupted.
• Students boycotted schools, workers went on strike, peasants refused to pay taxes.
• In some places, parallel governments were set up—like in Ballia (U.P.), Satara
(Maharashtra), and Tamluk (Bengal).
• Underground leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia, Aruna Asaf
Ali, and Usha Mehta kept the flame alive.
• Usha Mehta even ran an underground radio station, broadcasting messages of
freedom.
The movement was not entirely nonviolent. In many places, angry crowds attacked police
stations, cut telegraph wires, and disrupted railways. It was a spontaneous uprising, showing
the depth of people’s frustration.
Significance of the Quit India Movement
The Quit India Movement was not immediately successful in ending British rule, but its
significance was immense.
1. Mass Uprising
• For the first time, the movement was truly leaderless.
• With top leaders in jail, ordinary people carried it forward.
• It showed that the desire for freedom had penetrated every village and town.
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2. Unity in Action
• Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, students, workers, peasants, and women all participated.
• Women like Aruna Asaf Ali, Sucheta Kriplani, and Usha Mehta emerged as leaders.
• This unity demonstrated that independence was not just a Congress demand—it was
the people’s demand.
3. Challenge to British Authority
• The British faced their most serious crisis since 1857.
• Administration broke down in many areas.
• Though the movement was suppressed brutally, it shook the confidence of the
rulers.
4. International Impact
• The movement drew global attention.
• The Allies, especially the United States, pressured Britain to consider Indian
independence.
• The Atlantic Charter (1941), which promised freedom to nations, made Britain’s
refusal to free India look hypocritical.
5. Preparation for Independence
• Though crushed by 1944, the movement made it clear that British rule could not last.
• It created a psychological shift: Indians were no longer willing to wait.
• The British realized that after the war, they would have to leave.
6. Emergence of New Leaders
• With senior leaders in jail, younger leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan and Ram
Manohar Lohia gained prominence.
• This broadened the leadership base of the freedom struggle.
Limitations
• The movement was suppressed with brutal force—over 100,000 people were
arrested, and thousands were killed.
• It lacked a clear organizational structure after the arrests.
• The Muslim League and some other groups did not support it, which weakened
national unity.
Yet, despite these limitations, the Quit India Movement was a turning point.
Conclusion
The Quit India Movement of 1942 was born out of frustration with British betrayal, wartime
hardships, and the burning desire for freedom. Gandhi’s call of “Do or Die” transformed the
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struggle into a people’s revolution. Though it was suppressed, its significance lay in the fact
that it made British rule morally and politically untenable.
If the Revolt of 1857 was the first roar of freedom, and the Civil Disobedience Movement
was the rehearsal, the Quit India Movement was the final act of defiance that convinced
the British their time in India was over.
For students, the key is to remember:
• Causes: Failure of Cripps Mission, WWII hardships, rising nationalism, British
arrogance.
• Significance: Mass uprising, unity, challenge to British authority, international
impact, preparation for independence.
Explained as a story, the Quit India Movement is not just history—it is the tale of how an
entire nation, weary of waiting, rose with one voice to say: “Quit India.”
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educational purposes. If you notice any mistakes or
have suggestions, feel free to share your feedback.”
